大部分留學(xué)生都逃不過(guò)academic essay寫(xiě)作，這類(lèi)essay以嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)為主，強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是“觀點(diǎn)”，而是“語(yǔ)言”與“結(jié)構(gòu)”。具體情況具體分析，下面Australiaway小編和同學(xué)們一起來(lái)看看。

 

      在寫(xiě)比較正規(guī)的essay時(shí)，我們自認(rèn)為“文采飛揚(yáng)”的作品在別人看來(lái)可能根本是無(wú)稽之談，中規(guī)中矩的文章卻可以得到比較高的分?jǐn)?shù)。歸根結(jié)底，只要套路深，鐵杵磨成針啊。

 

      我們這次就來(lái)講解一道比較典型的例題：Should fashion be considered a fine art, like painting or sculpture?

 

 

      所有人都能學(xué)會(huì)的套路，分三部分：（1）背景知識(shí)；（2）兩邊觀點(diǎn)；（3）結(jié)構(gòu)介紹。

 

      舉個(gè)例子，如果題目是“A同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)是否刻苦？” 我們當(dāng)然要先知道A同學(xué)是誰(shuí)，他學(xué)習(xí)怎么樣，品德怎么樣，體育怎么樣（你們認(rèn)為呢…），有什么獲獎(jiǎng)情況。同時(shí)，我們要知道“學(xué)習(xí)刻苦”的定義是什么，是每天做作業(yè)幾小時(shí)，還是做多少道題。前面的這一部分，就是背景知識(shí)（background information）。

 

      隨后，我們要辯證性地看待這個(gè)問(wèn)題——有人說(shuō)A學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦，畢竟他們學(xué)校作業(yè)很多嘛，學(xué)習(xí)不刻苦怎么完成的了；有人說(shuō)A學(xué)習(xí)一點(diǎn)都不刻苦，我經(jīng)?？吹剿教幫?。這個(gè)就是兩邊的觀點(diǎn)。

 

      最后就是告訴讀者這篇文章要說(shuō)什么，通常我們會(huì)說(shuō)“we will explore both of these positions”，也就是說(shuō)兩邊觀點(diǎn)都會(huì)加以分析探索。

 

      回到這個(gè)更正經(jīng)的題目，先給fashion和fine art下定義。Fine art是“精細(xì)工藝”的意思，我簡(jiǎn)化了一下Wikipedia的解釋?zhuān)笾氯缦拢篎ine art is a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic（=artistic） purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness. 例如painting、sculpture 都被認(rèn)為是fine art，這個(gè)界限實(shí)際上是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期歐洲人劃定的。

academic essay寫(xiě)作套路
 

      那fashion又是什么？這好像和穿著時(shí)髦有關(guān)，但又不知道時(shí)髦怎么說(shuō)能不和fashion重復(fù)，那從廣義上來(lái)講：Fashion is namely the style in which a person dresses.

 

      然后來(lái)給出一個(gè)大致的答案：有人認(rèn)為fashion應(yīng)該是fine art（因?yàn)閯?chuàng)作fashion所需要的素養(yǎng)和創(chuàng)作其它類(lèi)型的藝術(shù)作品是一樣的），有人認(rèn)為不是（因?yàn)樗怯脕?lái)穿的，fine art一般都沒(méi)有除藝術(shù)價(jià)值外的價(jià)值）。最后加上一句套話即可。

 

      結(jié)構(gòu)確定了之后，再潤(rùn)色一下語(yǔ)言。與Art有關(guān)的詞組或套路句：

      ◆aesthetic adj. 美學(xué)的 aesthetic purpose/ aesthetic value

      ◆beauty and meaningfulness

      ◆in the contemporary society...（萬(wàn)能句式）

      ◆sth. is namely ... 某物是…

      ◆outward appearance/ inward significance

 

      示例：

      【Fine art定義】Fine art is a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness. The concept is brought up by traditional Western Europeans and still differentiates certain forms of art from entertainment today. 

 

      【Fashion定義】However, in the contemporary society, a constantly developing and rapidly changing trend starts taking lead -- fashion. Fashion is namely the style in which a person dresses. 

 

      【兩邊觀點(diǎn)】This modern creation is thought by some to be a form of fine art, as the decisions involved in creating it is analogous to those made by any other artist. On the other hand, it can be convincing that fashion focuses more on the outward appearance of objects. 

 

      【套話】This essay will explore both of these positions.

 

 

      中間段我們還是要注重結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）總觀點(diǎn)；（2）小論點(diǎn)；（3）引用。仍然以A同學(xué)為題目，有一段的論點(diǎn)為“A同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)刻苦”。

 

      首先亮出觀點(diǎn)，由于作者要保持客觀（objective），應(yīng)以別人（如支持者/批評(píng)家）為主語(yǔ)。觀點(diǎn)相當(dāng)于整段小論點(diǎn)的summary，也相當(dāng)于段落的outline，所以一定要全面。例如：A的同學(xué)們表示他不僅勤于學(xué)習(xí)，還善于思考。

 

      然后就按照這個(gè)outline，先說(shuō)A多么勤于學(xué)習(xí)，再說(shuō)他多么善于思考。然而尷尬的時(shí)刻來(lái)了——作者表示扯不下去了，A明明一點(diǎn)都不勤奮??！這個(gè)時(shí)候怎么辦呢？我們可以借用別人的名言來(lái)幫助自己，加上幾句quote。比如：A的英語(yǔ)老師對(duì)他這樣評(píng)價(jià)道：“……” 這很好地證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn)。

 

      繼續(xù)來(lái)加工語(yǔ)言，與fashion有關(guān)的phrase /quote：

      ◆Zandra Rhodes: The same amount of artistic expression goes into clothes, a piece of pottery, or a painting.

      ◆Alice Rawsthorn: Unlike art, fashion rarely expresses more than the headlines of history.

      ◆prevailing adj. 流行的

      ◆avant-garde adj. 前衛(wèi)的

      ◆convey a message

      ◆It is ... instead of ... that plays a more important role on ...（萬(wàn)能句式）

      ◆stay under the spotlight

      ◆appreciate/ depreciate v. 增值/貶值

academic essay中間段落怎么寫(xiě)
 

      示例：

      【觀點(diǎn)1】Those who believe that fashion is fine art state that fashion does not only have aesthetic values, but also, more importantly, go beyond them. 

 

      【小論點(diǎn)1】In terms of art, the patterns and decorations on each outfit is unique, making every suit a piece of artwork. As Zandra Rhodes claimed, ‘The same amount of artistic expression goes into clothes, a piece of pottery, or a painting.’ Making a garment requires planning and designing, a necessary process in architecture. The captions and figures on the clothes has to fit well with the overall style, which has a deep connection with poetry and music. 

 

      【小論點(diǎn)2】On top of that, fashion emerges as an expressive tool for designers to convey a message of their own. The purposes behind designing fashion outfits are almost identical to the reasons for which other recognized forms of fine art are made. 

 

      【預(yù)測(cè)】Any avant-garde form of art like fashion will certainly not be understood by some conventional critics, thus explaining why many people in the society still doesn’t agree to the point.

academic essay中間段寫(xiě)作
 

      【觀點(diǎn)2】According to some, however, several features of fashion determines that it shouldn’t be appreciated on the same level as fine art. 

 

      【小論點(diǎn)1】Distinct to paintings and sculptures, clothes cannot be regarded as complete products without the people who wear them. In fact, it is who wears the outfit instead of what the outfit looks like that plays a more essential role on how fashionable the outfit will be. 

 

      【小論點(diǎn)2】Moreover, fashion cannot stand the test of time. Most popular styles can only stay under the spotlight for no longer than one month, making its aesthetic value quickly depreciate thereafter. Alice Rawsthorn commented on this point when she said, “Unlike art, fashion rarely expresses more than the headlines of history.”

 

 

      結(jié)尾段是文中唯一一個(gè)不用neutral的地方，在對(duì)全文討論的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)后，可以直接拋出自己的觀點(diǎn)，即兩個(gè)部分：（1）總結(jié)；（2）個(gè)人想法。

 

      比如：綜上所述，即使A學(xué)習(xí)可能不是最刻苦的，他也一定掌握了很好的學(xué)習(xí)方式。不過(guò)在我看來(lái)，A同學(xué)經(jīng)常打游戲就是在荒廢時(shí)間！

 

      示例：

      【總結(jié)】Fashion is the prevailing styles in behavior and the newest creations of designers, technologists, engineers, and design managers. Though constantly influenced by several factors including celebrities and headlines, it is undoubted that fashion has certain artistic values. 

 

      【個(gè)人想法】In contemporary practice, however, it seems to me that the restrictions of the so-called ‘fine art’ have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy.

 

      看完上面的長(zhǎng)篇大論之后，同學(xué)們對(duì)于academic essay寫(xiě)作套路有所掌握了嗎？對(duì)于academic essay寫(xiě)作還有疑問(wèn)的同學(xué)可以聯(lián)系我們的客服哦！